CrossRef Optimizing off-treatment outcome predictions: The potential of time-varying HBcrAg and the need for more research Ying-Nan Tsai, Jia-Ling Wu, Yao-Chun Hsu Clinical and Molecular Hepatology .2024
doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103680 Study period 1/1/2017 to 12/31/2025 Study population: inclusion Adult patients with: T ype 2 diabetes A GLP-1 order lasting at least 90 days in the study period On at least one other non-insulin diabetes medication at the time of their HbA1c measurement after stopping the GLP-1 A reduction in HbA1c while on GLP-1 Study population: exclusion Pregnancy during GLP-1 use or follow-up period Patients on insulin Patients with type 1 diabetes: ICD-10-CM code E10* Censoring Patient begins a GLP-1 medication again Exposures Time since stopping GLP-1: three months, six months, nine months, twelve months Outcomes Change in HbA1c from the closest value to the GLP-1 end date and the nearest value to three, six, nine, or twelve months (within 30 days of time window) of stopping the GLP-1 Type 2 diabetes A diagnosis with ICD-10-CM code E11* GLP-1 Order of a simple generic of dulaglutide, exenatide, exenatide microspheres, liraglutide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide and a pharmaceutical class of ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC INCRETIN MIMETICS COMBINATION, ANTIHYPERGLY,INSULIN,LONG ACT-GLP-1 RECEPT.AGONIST, ANTI-OBESITY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEP AGONIST, ANTIHYPERGLY,INCRETIN MIMETIC(GLP-1 RECEP.AGONIST), or ANTI-OBESITY INCRETIN MIMETICS COMBINATION Pregnancy Pregnancy start date: Between 12 months before the first reading through the follow-up reading Pregnancy end date, delivery, or if its ambiguous what point in the pregnancy the patient would be at (e.g., an encounter or billing diagnosis with ICD-10-CM O*): Between 12 months before the first reading through 9 months after the follow-up reading Non-insulin diabetes medications SGLT2i: ATC code A10BK* Biguanides: ATC code A10BA* Sulfonylureas: ATC code A10BB* DPP-4 inhibitor: ATC code A10BH* Combination HbA1c A lab result with LOINC code 17856-6, 17855-8, 4548-4, or 4549-2 Insulin A medication with ATC code A10A* Race and ethnicity Non-exclusive flags for Black race and Hispanic ethnicity Limitations Medications prescribed outside participating health systems might be missing on patients records
The glucagon receptor increases energy expenditure, and many people report a subtle but noticeable increase in baseline energy once they reach the 4 to 8mg dose range
Rule out medication interactions
